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Weapons of the Vietnam War

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Vietnam-era rifles used by the US military and allies. From top to bottom: M14, MAS 36, M16 (30 round magazine), AR-10, M16 (20 round magazine), M21, L1A1, M40, MAS 49

The Vietnam War involved the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) or North Vietnamese Army (NVA), National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF) or Viet Cong (VC), and the armed forces of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), United States Armed Forces, Republic of Korea Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, and New Zealand Defence Force, with a variety of irregular troops.

Nearly all United States-allied forces were armed with U.S. weapons including the M1 Garand, M1 carbine, M14 rifle, and M16 rifle. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle as their service rifle, with the occasional use of the M16 rifle.

The PAVN, although having inherited a variety of American, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the First Indochina War (aka French Indochina War), were largely armed and supplied by the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and its Warsaw Pact allies. Further, some weapons—notably anti-personnel explosives, the K-50M (a PPSh-41 copy), and "home-made" versions of the RPG-2—were manufactured in North Vietnam. By 1969 the US Army had identified 40 rifle/carbine types, 22 machine gun types, 17 types of mortar, 20 recoilless rifle or rocket launcher types, nine types of antitank weapons, and 14 anti-aircraft artillery weapons used by ground troops on all sides. Also in use, mostly by anti-communist forces, were the 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers.

Communist forces and weapons

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Captured PAVN weapons

During the early stages of their insurgency, the Viet Cong mainly sustained itself with captured arms (often of American manufacture)[1] or crude, self-made weapons (e.g. copies of the US Thompson submachine gun[2] and shotguns made of galvanized pipes). [3][4] Most arms were captured from poorly defended ARVN militia outposts.[5]

Communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some VC guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the first Indochina war, such as the MAT-49, or from ARVN units or requisitioned through illicit purchase.

By Autumn of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 battle rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon.[6] Their weapons were principally of Chinese[7] or Soviet manufacture.[8] The period up to the conventional phase in the 1970, the Viet Cong and NVA were mostly limited to mortars, recoilless rifles, and small-arms and had significantly lighter equipment and firepower relative to the US arsenal, relying on ambushes, with superior stealth, planning, marksmanship, and small-unit tactics to face the disproportionate US technological advantage.[9]

Many divisions within the NVA would incorporate armoured and mechanised battalions including the Type 59 tank, BTR-60, Type 60 artillery, and rapidly altered and integrated new war doctrines following the Tet Offensive into a mobile combined-arms force.[10] The North Vietnamese had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT-76) and light tanks (such the Type 62) used during the conventional phase. Experimental Soviet equipment started being used against ARVN forces at the same time, including Man-portable air-defense system SA-7 Grail and anti-tank missiles including the AT-3 Sagger.[11] By 1975, they had fully transformed from the strategy of mobile light-infantry and using the people's war concept used against the United States.[10]

A MiG-21 of the Vietnam People's Air Force, which 13 out of 19 of the VPAF's top fighter aces had flown in most of the successful interception missions against USAF and USN aircraft.[12]

US weapons

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The American M16 rifle and XM177 carbine, which both replaced the M14, were lighter and considered more accurate than the AK-47 but in Vietnam was prone to "failure to extract", in which the spent cartridge case remained stuck in the chamber after a round was fired, preventing the next round from feeding and jamming the gun.[citation needed] This was ultimately traced to an inadequately tested switch in propellants from DuPont's proprietary IMR 4475 to Olin's WC 846, that Army Ordnance had ordered out of concern for standardization and mass production capacity.[citation needed]

The heavily armored, 90 mm gun M48A3 'Patton' tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with U.S. forces. They played an important role in infantry support though there were a few tank versus tank battles. The M67A1 flamethrower tank (nicknamed the Zippo) was an M48 variant used in Vietnam. The use of this euphemistically nicknamed tank should not be confused with the widespread use of actual Zippo lighters to burn villages, which gave rise to the nickname of "Zippo squads". (Far from all such squads fielded the tank.) The Zippo nickname was also applied to man-portable flamethrowers.[13] Artillery was used extensively by both sides but the Americans were able to ferry the lightweight 105 mm M102 howitzer by helicopter to remote locations on quick notice.[14][15] With its 17-mile (27 km) range, the Soviet 130 mm M-46 towed field gun was a highly regarded weapon and used to good effect by the PAVN. It was countered by the long-range, American 175 mm M107 Self-Propelled Gun (nicknamed Miller).[16]

The United States had air superiority, though many aircraft were lost to surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft artillery. U.S. airpower was credited with breaking the siege of Khe Sanh and blunting the 1972 Easter Offensive against South Vietnam. At sea, the U.S. Navy had the run of the coastline, using aircraft carriers as platforms for offshore strikes and other naval vessels for offshore artillery support. Offshore naval fire played a pivotal role in the Battle of Huế in February 1968, providing accurate fire in support of the U.S. counter-offensive to retake the city.[17]

Captured South Vietnamese warplanes in Ho Chi Minh City

The Vietnam War was the first conflict that saw wide-scale tactical deployment of helicopters.[18] The Bell UH-1 Iroquois nicknamed "Huey" was used extensively in counter-guerilla operations both as a troop carrier and a gunship.[15] In the latter role it was outfitted with a variety of armaments including M60 machine guns, multi-barrelled 7.62 mm Miniguns and unguided air-to-surface rockets.[15] The Hueys were also successfully used in MEDEVAC and search and rescue roles.[15] Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC-130 "Spectre" Gunship and the UH-1 "Huey" gunship. The AC-130 was a heavily armed ground-attack aircraft variant of the C-130 Hercules transport plane; it was used to provide close air support, air interdiction and force protection. The AC-130H "Spectre" was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40 mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer. The Huey is a military helicopter powered by one turboshaft engine, and about 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam. At their disposal ground forces had access to B-52 and F-4 Phantom II and others to launch napalm, white phosphorus, tear gas and chemical weapons as well.[19] The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision-guided munition, cluster bombs, a thickeninggelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device, initially against buildings and later mostly as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone.

The Claymore M18A1, an anti-personnel mine, was widely used. It is command-detonated, directionally shooting 700 steel pellets into the kill zone.

Weapons of the South Vietnamese, U.S., South Korean, Australian, Philippine, New Zealand and Thailand Forces

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Hand combat weapons

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The Ka-Bar knife was the most famous edged weapon of the war.

Pistols and revolvers

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Infantry rifles

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Vietnamese Rangers with M16 rifles in Saigon during the Tết Offensive
A U.S. soldier with an M14 watches as supplies are dropped in Vietnam, 1967.
South Vietnamese People's Self-Defense Force militiawomen with M2 carbines
  • M14, M14E2, M14A1 – issued to most U.S. troops from the early stages of the war until 1967–68, when it was replaced by the M16.[41]
  • M16, XM16E1, and M16A1 – M16 was issued in 1964, but due to reliability issues, it was replaced by the M16A1 in 1967 which added the forward assist and chrome-lined barrel to the rifle for increased reliability.[42]
  • CAR-15 – carbine variant of the M16 produced in very limited numbers, fielded by special operations early on. Later supplemented by the improved XM177.
  • XM177 (Colt Commando)/GAU-5 – further development of the CAR-15, used heavily by MACV-SOG, the US Air Force, and US Army.[34]
  • Stoner 63 – used by US Navy SEALs and USMC.[34]
  • T223 – a copy of the Heckler & Koch HK33 built under license by Harrington & Richardson used in small numbers by SEAL teams. Even though the empty H&R T223 was 0.9 pounds (0.41 kg) heavier than an empty M16A1, the weapon had a forty-round magazine available for it and this made it attractive to the SEALS.[34]
  • MAS-36 rifle – used by South Vietnamese militias[43]
  • AK-47, AKM, and Type 56 – Captured rifles were used by South Vietnamese[44] and U.S. forces.[45][46]

Rifles: sniper, marksman

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Submachine guns

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  • Beretta M12 – limited numbers were used by U.S. Embassy security units.[51]
  • Carl Gustaf m/45 – used by Navy SEALs in the start of the war, but later replaced by the Smith & Wesson M76 in the late 1960s. Significant numbers also used by MAC-V-SOG, South Vietnamese,[34] and small numbers in Laos by advisors, and Laotian fighters.
  • Smith & Wesson M76 – copy of the Carl Gustaf m/45; few were shipped to Navy SEALs fighting in Vietnam.[52]
  • F1 submachine gun – replaced the Owen Gun in Australian service.[53][54]
  • M3 Grease gun – standard U.S. military submachine gun, also used by the South Vietnamese[34][55]
  • M50/55 Reising – limited numbers were used by MACVSOG and other irregular forces.[34]
  • Madsen M-50 – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.[55]
  • MAS-38 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.[56]
  • MAT-49 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese militias.[43] Captured models were used in limited numbers[34]
  • MP 40 submachine gun – used by South Vietnamese forces, supplied by the CIA.[55]
  • Owen Gun – standard Australian submachine-gun in the early stages of the war, later replaced by the F1 and withdrawn from combat use by 1971.[53][54]
  • Sten submachine gun – used by US special operations forces, often with a suppressor mounted.[45]
  • Sterling submachine gun – used by Australian Special Air Service Regiment and other special operations units.[54]
  • Thompson submachine gun – used often by South Vietnamese troops, and in small quantities by US artillery and helicopter units.
  • Uzi – used by special operations forces and some South Vietnamese, supplied from Israel.[45]

Shotguns

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Ithaca 37

Shotguns were used as an individual weapon during jungle patrol; infantry units were authorized a shotgun by TO&E (Table of Organization & Equipment). Shotguns were not general issue to all infantrymen, but were select issue weapons, such as one per squad, etc.

Machine guns

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US Marine fires his M60 machine gun at an enemy position during the Battle of Huế.

Grenades and mines

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Claymore anti-personnel mine in use in Vietnam

Grenade and Rocket Launchers

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Flamethrowers

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Infantry support weapons

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A US soldier carries an M67 recoilless rifle past a burning Viet Cong base camp in Mỹ Tho, South Vietnam, 1968

Artillery

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Self-propelled Howitzer M109 in Vietnam

Artillery ammunition types

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Aircraft

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(listed alphabetically by modified/basic mission code, then numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter)

USS Garrett County at anchor in the Mekong Delta with two UH-1B Iroquois helicopters on deck

Helicopters

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(listed numerically in ascending order by design number/series letter, then alphabetically by mission code)

Aircraft ordnance

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Aircraft weapons

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A minigun being fired from a combat search and rescue helicopter in Vietnam

Chemical weapons

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Vehicles

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In addition to cargo-carrying and troop transport roles, many of these vehicles were also equipped with weapons and sometimes armor, serving as "gun trucks" for convoy escort duties.[216]

Other vehicles

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Combat vehicles

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Tanks

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Other armored vehicles

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Fast Patrol Craft

Communications

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Soldier using an AN/PRC-77 radio transceiver with the KY-38 secure voice encryptor (below), part of the NESTOR system

Radios

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The geographically dispersed nature of the war challenged existing military communications. From 1965 to the final redeployment of tactical units, numerous communications-electronics systems were introduced in Vietnam to upgrade the quality and quantity of tactical communications and replace obsolete gear:

Encryption systems

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Encryption systems developed by the National Security Agency and used in Vietnam included:[272]

Weapons of the PAVN/VC, China, Soviet and North Korea Forces

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The PAVN and the Southern communist guerrillas, the Viet Cong (VC) as they were commonly referred to during the war, largely used standard Warsaw Pact weapons. Weapons used by the PAVN also included Chinese Communist variants, which were referred to as CHICOM's by the US military. Captured weapons were also widely used; almost every small arm used by SEATO may have seen limited enemy use. During the early 1950s, US equipment captured in Korea was also sent to the Viet Minh.

Small arms

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Viet Cong guerrilla stands beneath a Viet Cong flag carrying an AK-47 rifle.
A U.S. Army M.P. inspects a Soviet AK-47 recovered in Vietnam in 1968.
PAVN troops with PPSh-41
VC soldier with SKS

Hand combat weapons

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The Ka-Bar knife was also used by the PAVN & Viet Cong
  • A wide variety of bayonets meant for fitting on the many types of rifles used by the NVA and VC.
  • Type 30 bayonet[274]
  • Spears, used during "suicide attacks"[275]

Handguns and revolvers

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Automatic and semi-automatic rifles

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Rifles: bolt-action, marksman

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Submachine guns

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Shotguns

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Machine guns

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Grenades, mines, and booby traps

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Flamethrowers

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Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles, anti-tank rifles and lightweight guided missiles

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North Vietnamese soldier preparing to fire an SA-7
North Vietnamese SAM crew in front of a SA-2 launcher

Mortars

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The KS-19

Field artillery rocket launchers

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Field artillery rockets were often fired from improvised launchers, sometimes a tube fixed with bamboo.[96]

Field guns and howitzers

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Anti-aircraft weapons

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Aircraft

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Aircraft weapons

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Helicopters

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Tanks

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Other armored vehicles

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Support vehicles

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See also

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References

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Citations and notes

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  1. ^ Sheehan 2009, p. 813.3.
  2. ^ Sheehan 2009, p. 187.2.
  3. ^ FSTC 381-4012 Typical Foreign Unconventional Warfare Weapons (U)
  4. ^ Sheehan 2009, p. 994.1.
  5. ^ Sheehan 2009, p. 814.4.
  6. ^ Sheehan 2009, p. 1883.5.
  7. ^ Seals, Bob (23 September 2008). "Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge". Military History Online. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016.
  8. ^ Parray, Albert (June 1967). "Soviet aid to Vietnam" (PDF). Military Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2011.
  9. ^ Miller, Robert; Wainstock, Dennis D. (2013). Indochina and Vietnam: The Thirty-five Year War, 1940–1975. Enigma Books. pp. 101–02. ISBN 978-1936274666.
  10. ^ a b "North Vietnam's Master Plan". HistoryNet. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
  11. ^ Warren, James A. (2013). Giáp: The General Who Defeated America in Vietnam. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1137098917.
  12. ^ Toperczer, 2015, pp. 228.
  13. ^ Marc Leepson (12 May 2011). "Light My Fire: Zippos in Vietnam". Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  14. ^ Hagerman, Bart. USA Airborne: 50th Anniversary. Turner Publishing Company, p. 237.
  15. ^ a b c d Tolson, John J. (1989). Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961–71. US Government Printing Office. CMH Pub 90-4. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "ITN news reel". Youtube. 16 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  17. ^ Smith, George W. (1999). The siege at Hue. Lynne Reinner Publishers. pp. 142–143.
  18. ^ Dwayne A. Day, Helicopters at War Archived 2010-04-14 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
  19. ^ Biggs, David (25 November 2017). "Opinion | Vietnam: The Chemical War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Rottman 2017, p. 39.
  21. ^ a b "The M1 Garand in Vietnam". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019.
  22. ^ Rottman 2006, p. 48.
  23. ^ Russell 1983, p. 33.
  24. ^ Gilbert 2006, p. 66.
  25. ^ a b c Russell 1983, p. 37.
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  28. ^ Ezell 1988, p. 155.
  29. ^ a b c Rottman 2010, p. 45.
  30. ^ a b c Rottman 2017, p. 11.
  31. ^ Rottman 2011b, p. 40.
  32. ^ a b Rottman 2012, p. 22.
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  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Dockery, Kevin (December 2004). Weapons of the Navy SEALs. New York City: Berkley Publishing Group. p. 382. ISBN 0-425-19834-0.
  35. ^ a b Rottman 2002, p. 43.
  36. ^ Rottman 2010, p. 47.
  37. ^ a b c Rottman 2008, p. 56.
  38. ^ Tucker 2011, p. 975.
  39. ^ a b Ezell 1988, pp. 51–52.
  40. ^ Russell 1983, p. 34.
  41. ^ a b Tucker 2011, p. 973.
  42. ^ "U.S. M16: A Half-Century of America's Combat Rifle". www.americanrifleman.org. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023.
  43. ^ a b c Smith 1969, p. 720.
  44. ^ Rottman 2010, p. 18.
  45. ^ a b c Rottman 2011b, p. 38.
  46. ^ a b Rottman 2007b, p. 48.
  47. ^ Tucker 2011, p. 974.
  48. ^ a b c d Pegler, Martin (20 Nov 2010). Sniper Rifles: From the 19th to the 21st Century. Weapon 6. Osprey Publishing. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9781849083980.
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  50. ^ Tucker 2011, pp. 974–975.
  51. ^ Gander, Jerry (2002). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2002–2003. Jane's Information Group. pp. 214, 899–906. ISBN 0-7106-2434-4.
  52. ^ Tucker 2011, p. 1076.
  53. ^ a b c d Rottman 2011a, p. 20.
  54. ^ a b c Moss, Matthew (29 Nov 2018). The Sterling Submachine Gun. Weapon 65. Osprey Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 9781472828088.
  55. ^ a b c Rottman 2002, p. 41.
  56. ^ Dye & Laemlein 2015, p. 22.
  57. ^ a b Thompson 2013, p. 19.
  58. ^ Dye & Laemlein 2015, pp. 33–35&38.
  59. ^ a b c Rottman 2002, p. 42.
  60. ^ Dye & Laemlein 2015, pp. 34–37.
  61. ^ Thompson 2013, p. 65.
  62. ^ Thompson 2013, pp. 25–26.
  63. ^ Dye & Laemlein 2015, p. 39.
  64. ^ Thompson 2013, p. 20.
  65. ^ Canfield, Bruce N. (March 2002). "Combat Shotguns of the Vietnam War". American Rifleman. pp. 44–47&92–95. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023.
  66. ^ Higgins 2015, p. 24.
  67. ^ Thompson 2013, pp. 20–21.
  68. ^ Thompson 2013, p. 7.
  69. ^ Ezell 1988, p. 60.
  70. ^ "UDT/SEAL Museum". usssatyr-arl23.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  71. ^ Rottman 2011c, p. 38.
  72. ^ a b Rottman & Spaulding 2002, p. 4.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Rottman 2015, p. 56.
  74. ^ a b c d e f Tucker 2011, p. 451.
  75. ^ a b Rottman 2006, p. 45.
  76. ^ Rottman 2015, p. 26.
  77. ^ Russell 1983, p. 9.
  78. ^ Rottman 2015, pp. 56–57.
  79. ^ Rottman 2015, p. 28.
  80. ^ Russell 1983, p. 9,36.
  81. ^ a b "Smoke Grenades". MACV-SOG – Living History. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022.
  82. ^ Russell 1983, p. 30.
  83. ^ Rottman 2015, p. 29.
  84. ^ Rottman 2009, p. 43.
  85. ^ Rottman 2015, p. 18.
  86. ^ a b c Rottman 2005, p. 17.
  87. ^ Rottman 2011b, p. 43.
  88. ^ a b c d Tucker 2011, p. 430.
  89. ^ Neville, Leigh Guns of the Special Forces 2001 – 2015 Casemate Publishers, 31 Mar 2016
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  92. ^ Rottman 2010, pp. 7, 34.
  93. ^ Rottman 2012a, pp. 69–70, 75–76.
  94. ^ McKenna 2011, p. 91.
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  98. ^ Rottman 2012, p. 24.
  99. ^ Gilbert 2006, p. 67.
  100. ^ Rottman 2010, p. 35.
  101. ^ a b c Rottman 2010, p. 7.
  102. ^ a b Ezell 1988, p. 143.
  103. ^ Rottman 2011a, p. 22.
  104. ^ a b Rottman 2010, p. 15.
  105. ^ a b Higgins 2015, p. 78.
  106. ^ a b c Rottman 2010, p. 9.
  107. ^ Rottman 2007a, p. 56.
  108. ^ Rottman 2005, p. 44.
  109. ^ Rottman 2010, p. 32.
  110. ^ Gilbert 2006, pp. 68–69.
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  112. ^ Rottman 2011c, p. 36.
  113. ^ a b Robinson 1983, p. 136.
  114. ^ Higgins 2015, p. 28.
  115. ^ Foster 2007, pp. 8, 25.
  116. ^ Foster 2007, pp. 25, 28.
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  118. ^ a b Foster 2007, p. 14.
  119. ^ Green 1996, p. 72.
  120. ^ Dunstan 1985, p. 38.
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