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Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

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For other uses, see Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (disambiguation).

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
Theatrical release poster
Directed byStanley Kramer
Written byWilliam Rose
Produced byStanley Kramer
Starring
CinematographySam Leavitt
Edited byRobert C. Jones
Music byFrank De Vol
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release dates
  • December 11, 1967 (1967-12-11) (New York City)
  • December 12, 1967 (1967-12-12) (United States)
Running time
108 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$4 million[2]
Box office$56.7 million[2]

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner is a 1967 American romantic comedy drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer, and written by William Rose. It stars Spencer Tracy (in his final role), Sidney Poitier, and Katharine Hepburn, and features Hepburn's niece Katharine Houghton.

The film was one of the few of the time to depict an interracial marriage in a positive light, as interracial marriage historically had been illegal in many states of the United States. It was still illegal in 17 states, until June 12, 1967, six months before the film was released, and scenes were filmed just before anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia.

The film was the ninth and final on-screen pairing of Tracy and Hepburn. Tracy was very ill during filming but insisted on continuing. Filming of his role was completed just 17 days before his death in June 1967.[3] Hepburn never saw the completed film, saying it would be too painful for her.[4] The film was released in December 1967, six months after Tracy's death.

In 2017, on its 50th anniversary, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5][6] The film's Oscar-nominated score was composed by Frank De Vol.[7]

Plot

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In 1967, Joanna Drayton, a 23-year-old white woman, returns from her Hawaiian vacation to her parents' home in San Francisco with Dr. John Prentice, a 37-year-old black widower. The couple became engaged after a 10-day romance. Joanna's parents are Matt Drayton, a newspaper editor, and his wife, Christina, who owns an art gallery. Though the Draytons are liberal-minded, they are shocked that their daughter is engaged to a man of a different race. Christina gradually accepts the situation, but Matt objects because of the likely unhappiness and seemingly insurmountable problems the couple will face.

Unbeknownst to Joanna, John tells the Drayton parents he will withdraw from the engagement unless both Draytons give the couple their blessing. To complicate matters, John is soon scheduled to Geneva, Switzerland, for three months in his work with the World Health Organization. His answer from the Draytons will determine whether Joanna follows him. Joanna invites John's parents to fly up from Los Angeles to join them for dinner that evening. John has not told them his fiancée is white. Monsignor Mike Ryan, Matt's golf buddy, arrives and tells Matt and the couple that he is supportive of the engagement. Christina tells Matt she, too, is supportive of Joanna, even if it means fighting Matt. Christina fires her bigoted art gallery manager, Hilary St. George, who nosily intrudes and voices her sympathy for Christina's situation.

John's parents, the Prentices, arrive and are shocked to discover that Joanna is white. The two mothers agree that this was an unexpected event but support their children. The two fathers meet, expressing disapproval at this unhappy occasion. The Monsignor advises John not to withdraw, despite Matt's objections. John and his father discuss their generational differences. John's mother tells Matt that he and her husband have forgotten what it was like to fall in love, and their failure to remember true romance has clouded their thinking. John chides Matt for not having the "guts" to tell him he disapproved of the marriage. Finally, Matt reveals his decision about the engagement to the entire group. He concludes that he does remember what true romance is. He says although the pair face enormous problems, they must find a way to overcome them, and he will approve the marriage, knowing all along he had no right to stop it. The families and the Monsignor then adjourn to the dining room for dinner.

Cast

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  • Skip Martin as Delivery Boy

Influences

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It has been suggested that a pair of contemporary cases of interracial marriage influenced Rose when he was writing the film's script.

Peggy Cripps, an aristocratic debutante whose father had been a British cabinet minister and whose grandfather had been leader of the House of Lords, married the African anti-colonialist Nana Joe Appiah. They established their home in Appiah's native Ghana, where he subsequently held office as a minister and ambassador.

At around the same time, Lloyd's underwriter Ruth Williams and her husband, African aristocrat Kgosi Seretse Khama, were engaged in a struggle of their own. Their union, which also occurred in the immediate aftermath of World War II, led to a storm of comment that snowballed into an international incident which saw them stripped of their chiefly titles in his homeland and exiled to Britain. They ultimately returned to Khama's native Botswana as its inaugural president and first lady.[9]

Production

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According to Kramer, he and Rose intentionally structured the film to debunk ethnic stereotypes. The young doctor, a typical role for the young Sidney Poitier, was created idealistically perfect, so that the only possible objections to his marrying Joanna would be his race, or the fact she had only known him for 10 days; the character has thus graduated from a top school, begun innovative medical initiatives in Africa, refused to have premarital sex with his fiancée despite her willingness, and leaves money in an open container on his future father-in-law's desk in payment for a long-distance phone call he has made. Kramer and Rose completed the film script in five weeks.[10]

Kramer stated later that the principal actors believed so strongly in the premise that they agreed to act in the project even before seeing the script. Production had been set for January 1967 and ended on May 24, 1967.[11] At age 67, Tracy was in poor health with heart disease, diabetes, high-blood pressure, respiratory disease, and other ailments. Aware of Tracy's declining health, insurance companies refused to cover him for the period of filming. Kramer and Hepburn put their salaries in escrow so that if he should die during the production, filming could be completed with another actor. According to Kramer, "You're never examined for insurance until a few weeks before a picture starts. [Even] with all his drinking and ailments, Tracy always qualified for insurance before, so nobody thought it would be a problem in this case. But it was. We couldn't get insurance for Spence. The situation looked desperate. So then we figured out a way of handling it. Kate and I put up our own salaries to compensate for the lack of an insurance company for Spence. And we were allowed to proceed."[12]

The filming schedule was altered to accommodate Tracy's failing health.[13] All of Tracy's scenes and shots were filmed between 9:00 am and noon of each day to give him adequate time to rest for the remainder of the day.[10] For example, most of Tracy's dialogue scenes were filmed in such a way that during close-ups on other characters, a stand-in was substituted for him.[14]

Tracy's failing health was more serious than most people working on the set were aware of. According to Poitier: "The illness of Spencer dominated everything. I knew his health was very poor and many of the people who knew what the situation was didn't believe we'd finish the film, that is, that Tracy would be able to finish the film. Those of us who were close knew it was worse than they thought. Kate brought him to and from the set. She worked with him on his lines. She made sure with [Stanley] Kramer that his hours were right for what he could do, and what he couldn't do was different each day. There were days when he couldn't do anything. But also there were days when he was great, and I got the chance to know what it was like working with Tracy."[15]

A bust of Tracy sculpted by Hepburn herself was used as a prop, on the bookshelf behind the desk where Poitier makes his phone call.

Tracy died two weeks after he completed his work on the film.[16]

Hepburn significantly helped cast her niece, Katharine Houghton, for the role of Joey Drayton. Concerning this, Hepburn stated: "There was a lovely part for Kathy [Houghton], my niece [...] She would play Spencer's and my daughter. I loved that. She's beautiful and she definitely had a family resemblance. It was my idea."[17]

According to Hepburn, the role of Joey Drayton was one of Houghton's first major roles as a young actress. "The part of my daughter," Kate said, "was a difficult one. A young unknown actress needs more opportunity to win the sympathy of the audience. Otherwise, too much has to depend on her youth, innocence, and beauty. She had one good speech to win the audience, but it was cut. Instead she only talks with her father about the differences between the principles he taught her and the way he's behaving."[18]

Poitier frequently found himself starstruck, and as a result, a bit tongue-tied in the presence of Hepburn and Tracy, whom he considered to be "giants" as far as acting is concerned.[19] However, Poitier reportedly found a way to overcome his nerves. "When I went to play a scene with Tracy and Hepburn, I couldn't remember a word. Finally, Stanley Kramer said to me, 'What are we going to do?' I said, 'Stanley, send those two people home. I will play the scene against two empty chairs. I don't want them here because I can't handle that kind of company.' He sent them home. I played the scene in close-up against two empty chairs as the dialogue coach read Mr. Tracy's and Miss Hepburn's lines from off camera."[19]

Against the backdrop of racial tensions in the United States at the time of the film's production, Poitier felt he was "under close observation" by both Tracy and Hepburn during their first dinner meetings prior to production.[20] However, he managed to swiftly win them over. Due to Tracy and Hepburn's close history with Kramer, Poitier later wrote that Hepburn and Tracy came to regard him with "the kind of respect they had for Kramer, and they had to say to themselves (and I'm sure they did), this kid has to be pretty okay, because Stanley is nuts about working with him".[21]

Variant versions

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The original version of the film that played in theaters in 1968 contained a moment in which Tillie responds to the question "Guess who's coming to dinner now?" with the sarcastic one-liner: "The Reverend Martin Luther King?" After King's assassination on April 4, 1968, this line was removed from the film, so by August 1968, almost all theaters' showings of this film had this line omitted. As early as 1969, the line was restored to many but not all prints, and the line was preserved in the VHS and DVD versions of the film, as well.[citation needed]

Release

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Guess Who's Coming to Dinner opened in New York City on December 11, 1967,[22] followed by a wide release in the United States the following day.[23] The film was released on VHS in October 1986[24] and on DVD on May 22, 2001,[25] with a 40th-anniversary DVD release on February 12, 2008.[26] It was released on Blu-ray on February 7, 2017, to commemorate the film's 50th anniversary.[27]

The film was first shown on U.S. television on CBS on September 19, 1971, and was the highest-rated film broadcast that year with a rating of 26.8 and an audience share of 44%.[28]

Reception

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Upon the film's release, New York Times critic Bosley Crowther praised the performances and called the film "a most delightfully acted and gracefully entertaining film, fashioned much in the manner of a stage drawing-room comedy." Crowther wrote that the questions raised by the film should be set aside as they "will only tend to disturb the euphoria and likely enjoyment of this witty and glistening film."[29] In the New York Daily News, critic Wanda Hale gave the film a full four-star rating, and said it "must be counted as an important contribution to motion pictures. With fearless directness Stanley Kramer takes a fresh and risky topic, inter-racial marriage, deals with it boldly and lets the criticisms fall where they may. At the Victoria and Beekman Theaters, the Columbia picture evidences Kramer's uncanny ability in selecting the right cast to portray the characters created by William Rose, to speak the author's penetrating lines as they should, naturally, humorously, bitterly and in the case of Spencer Tracy, simply and eloquently. Tracy, Katharine Hepburn and Katharine Houghton appear as the white people in this problem. Negroes are played by Sidney Poitier, Beah Richards, Isabel Sanford and Roy E. Glenn Sr. But withal, 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' is the late great actor's picture and he dominates it with his vitality and the clarity and logic of his presentation."[30] Writing in the Los Angeles Times, film critic Charles Champlin lauded the film as "a deeply moving film, guaranteed to leave no eye undamp."[31] Clifford Terry, film critic of the Chicago Tribune at the time, wrote that the film "examines a theme of the 1960s thru a style of the 1930s. The subject of interracial marriage was probed four years ago in 'One Potato, Two Potato,' but Producer-Director Stanley Kramer has reached back long before that for his modus operandi, coming up with the antiseptic slickness and unabashed sentiment [not necessarily a bad thing] in the generic tradition of the Frank Capra social comedy-drama."[32] Roger Ebert, his rival at the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film a full four-star rating. He said "yes, there are serious faults in Stanley Kramer's 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner,' but they are overcome by the virtues of this delightfully old-fashioned film. It would be easy to tear the plot to shreds and catch Kramer in the act of copping out. But why? On its own terms, this film is a joy to see, an evening of superb entertainment."[33]

Martin Knelman of the Toronto Daily Star said that "Stanley Kramer has bucked the trend in at least one respect: Instead of choosing to have a title song written specially for Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, the film that arrives today at the Carlton, he has selected an old, familiar song as his theme. Kramer himself told me the other day that he is not wildly enthusiastic about the song, but as far as I’m concerned, it’s a perfect touch. The Glory of Love richly echoes the naive sentimentalism of the pop culture of the 1940s and 1950s and though it’s a thoroughly modern picture in some respects, Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner is at heart a nostalgic throwback to that era."[34] Joan Irwin of the Montreal Star called it "a strong honest and remarkably sensitive film dealing with the problem of interracial marriage. Every prejudice and argument for and against such a marriage is examined with candor and often with humor, not in a general, preachy context, but as it relates to the two particular people in question. This is no harangue on the subject of indiscriminate brotherly love, nor yet a sentimental treatment of a very real problem. It is a fine film, full of strength and tenderness, played with great subtlety and wit by an entirely superb cast."[35] Jacob Siskind of the rival Gazette newspaper called it "one film that no one should miss. It is unashamedly, unabashedly sentimental; it is designed to tug at your heart strings; it quite obviously makes a play for the largest possible audience. But it does so honestly."[36]

Guess Who's Coming to Dinner was a box-office success in 1968 throughout the United States, including in Southern states where it was traditionally assumed that few white filmgoers would want to see any film with black leads. The success of this film challenged that assumption in film marketing.[37] Despite this success, which included numerous film award nominations, Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote in November 2008 that the film was frequently labeled as dated among liberals. Another main point of contention was the fact that Poitier's character, the golden future son-in-law, had no flaws and a résumé of good deeds. Many people felt that the dynamic between the Draytons and Poitier's character would have inevitably resulted in a happily-ever-after film ending because Poitier's character was so perfect, respectable, likable, and proper. Some people went as far as saying Prentice was "too white" not to be accepted by the Draytons.[38] It was also criticized by some for these reasons at the time, with African-American actor Stepin Fetchit saying that the film "did more to stop intermarriage than to help it."[39] Kramer's intention of the film was to de-bunk stereotypes placed against people of color, but some scholars argue that it created new stereotypes in its portrayal.[40]

In a 1986 review of the film by The New York Times, Lawrence Van Gelder wrote: "the suspicion arises that were the film made today its makers would come to grips a good deal more bluntly with the problems of intermarriage. Still, this remains a deft comedy and – most of all – a paean to the power of love."[24] In his 1967 review of the film, Champlin wrote "questions do arise" about the treatment of intermarriage, which he observed was "made palatable to the greatest number" by creating a "comfortably old-fashioned picture." Champlin pointed to the extraordinary stature of the Poitier character, and said that he was left with a "nagging uneasiness that the problem has not really been confronted or solved, but only patronized."[31]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 71% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "More well-intentioned than insightful in its approach to interracial marriage, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner succeeds thanks to the fizzy chemistry of its star-studded ensemble."[41] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42]

Accolades

[edit]
Award[43] Category Recipient(s) Result
Academy Awards Best Picture Stanley Kramer Nominated
Best Director Nominated
Best Actor Spencer Tracy (posthumous nomination) Nominated
Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won
Best Supporting Actor Cecil Kellaway Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Beah Richards Nominated
Best Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen William Rose Won
Best Art Direction Robert Clatworthy and Frank Tuttle Nominated
Best Film Editing Robert C. Jones Nominated
Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score Frank De Vol Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic Robert C. Jones Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Spencer Tracy (posthumous nomination) Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Katharine Hepburn (also for The Lion in Winter) Won
Best Screenplay William Rose Nominated
United Nations Award Stanley Kramer Won
David di Donatello Best Foreign Production Won
Best Foreign Actor Spencer Tracy Won[a]
Best Foreign Actress Katharine Hepburn Won[b]
Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Stanley Kramer Nominated
Fotogramas de Plata Best Foreign Performer Sidney Poitier Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Drama Nominated
Best Director – Motion Picture Stanley Kramer Nominated
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Spencer Tracy (posthumous nomination) Nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Katharine Hepburn Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Beah Richards Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture William Rose Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer – Female Katharine Houghton Nominated
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Crystal Globe Stanley Kramer Nominated
Laurel Awards Top Comedy Nominated
Top Male Dramatic Performance Spencer Tracy Nominated
National Film Preservation Board National Film Registry Inducted
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actor Spencer Tracy Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Won
Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written American Drama William Rose Nominated
Best Written American Original Screenplay Nominated

American Film Institute lists

Remakes and adaptations

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On May 28, 1975, ABC aired a 30-minute pilot for a proposed comedy television series based on Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Leslie Charleson and Bill Overton.[47][48]

In 2003, comedian Daniele Luttazzi published the screenplay Tabu, an almost verbatim parody of the film. In the variation, the engaged lovers are aged 40 (him) and 12 (her), and are brother and sister.[49]

Episodes of The Golden Girls and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air featured plots similar to the film.

The 2005 film Guess Who starring Ashton Kutcher and Bernie Mac is a loose remake, styled as a comedy rather than a drama, with the racial roles reversed: Black parents are caught off-guard when their daughter brings home the young white man she has chosen to marry. Talking about the film, Bernie Mac told USA Today in 2003: "Interracial dating is not that significant any more." Mac said of the script: "They want to make it a comedy, but I won't disrespect Spencer, Katharine or Sidney."[50]

A British radio play titled That Summer of '67, written by actress Tracy-Ann Oberman and based on the story of the film's production, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 31 December 2020.

A 2011 episode of the American sitcom Last Man Standing features a similar theme, although the couple is lesbian instead of mixed-race.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Tied with Warren Beatty for Bonnie and Clyde
  2. ^ Tied with Faye Dunaway for Bonnie and Clyde

References

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  1. ^ Craddock, Jim, ed. (2004). VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever 2005: The Complete Guide to Movies on Videocassette and DVD. Detroit: Gale. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-7876-7470-0.
  2. ^ a b "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  3. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)". IMDb. December 12, 1967. Archived from the original on June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  4. ^ Andersen 1997, p. 306.
  5. ^ "2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a 'Field of Dreams'". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  6. ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  7. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2001). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Albums 1955–2001. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 1018. ISBN 978-0-89820-147-5.
  8. ^ Roitz, Janet. ""The Glory Of Love" Guess Who's Coming To Dinner 1967; A look at Jacqueline Fontaine". Fabulous Film Songs. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
  9. ^ Brozan, Nadine (February 16, 2006). "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  10. ^ a b Andersen 1997, p. 295.
  11. ^ Davidson 1988, pp. 207, 211.
  12. ^ Davidson 1988, pp. 207–208.
  13. ^ Davidson 1988, pp. 206–209.
  14. ^ Edwards 1985, p. 337.
  15. ^ Chandler 2010, pp. 231–232.
  16. ^ Andersen 1997, p. 298.
  17. ^ Chandler 2010, pp. 229–237.
  18. ^ Chandler 2010, p. 231.
  19. ^ a b Poitier 1980, p. 286.
  20. ^ Poitier 2000, p. 121.
  21. ^ Poitier 2000, pp. 121–124.
  22. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) – Details". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  23. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)". The Numbers. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  24. ^ a b Van Gelder, Lawrence (October 12, 1986). "Home Video – New Cassettes: Big Stars and Big Bands". The New York Times. p. 28. ISSN 0362-4331.
  25. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  26. ^ Willmott, Don (August 23, 2001). "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Filmcritic.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  27. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  28. ^ "Theatres-To-TV Film Rankings". Variety. January 25, 1972. p. 81. ISSN 0042-2738.
  29. ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 12, 1967). "Screen: 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner' Arrives: Tracy-Hepburn Picture Opens at 2 Theaters". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  30. ^ Hale, Wanda (December 12, 1967). "Tracy Dominates His Last Film". Daily News. New York City, New York, United States. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  31. ^ a b Champlin, Charles (December 17, 1967). "'Dinner,' 'Cold Blood' to Bow". Los Angeles Times. pp. 14, 18–19. ISSN 0458-3035 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ Terry, Clifford (January 28, 1968). "Sentiment of the '30s 'Comes to Dinner'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  33. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 28, 1968). "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  34. ^ Knelman, Martin (January 12, 1968). "It's that Tracy-Hepburn magic all the way". Toronto Daily Star. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  35. ^ Irwin, Joan (March 15, 1968). "Tracy bows out in a brilliant role". Montreal Star. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  36. ^ Siskind, Jacob (March 15, 1968). "Three New Films Featuring Spencer Tracy, Dirk Bogarde and Richard Burton". The Gazette. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  37. ^ Harris, Mark (2008). Pictures at a Revolution: Five Films and the Birth of a New Hollywood. Penguin Press. p. 374.
  38. ^ Rich, Frank (November 1, 2008). "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". The New York Times. p. 10. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  39. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2004). 1968: The Year That Rocked the World. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-345-45581-9. OCLC 53929433.
  40. ^ Blum, John M. (1969). "Cinema for Whom?". Journal of Aesthetic Education. 3 (3): 13–19. doi:10.2307/3331699. ISSN 0021-8510. JSTOR 3331699.
  41. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  42. ^ "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Metacritic. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  43. ^ "NY Times: Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2010. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  44. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  45. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions" (PDF). American Film Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  46. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers". American Film Institute. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
  47. ^ Goldberg, Lee (2001). Unsold Television Pilots Vol. 1: 1955–1976. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-595-19429-2.
  48. ^ Baugess, James S.; DeBolt, Abbe Allen, eds. (2012). Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-313-32944-9.
  49. ^ Luttazzi, Daniele (2003). La castrazione e altri metodi infallibili per prevenire l'acne (in Italian). Milan: Feltrinelli. pp. 155–233. ISBN 978-8-807-84029-6.
  50. ^ Thomas, Karen (2003). "Bernie will be Spencer in new 'Coming to Dinner'". USA Today. ISSN 0734-7456.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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