Habba Khatoon

Habba Khatoon
The Nightingale of Kashmir
Empress Consort of Kashmir
Tenure	1579 – 1586
Born	Zoon Rathar 1554 (1554) Chandhur, Pampore, Kashmir
Died	1609 (aged 54–55) Kashmir
Burial	Athwajan, Kashmir
Spouse	Aziz Lone ​ (divorced)​ Yousuf Shah Chak
Issue	At least 1 (daughter)
House	Chak Dynasty
Father	Abdullah Rathar (Abdi Rathar)
Mother	Janam Rathar
Writing career
Occupation	Poet
Language	Kashmiri
Subject	Poems and songs about loss and separation
Years active	c. 1570 – 1609
Notable works	Rah Bakshtam, Harmukh Bartal, Gah Chon Pevan, Chol Hama Roshay, Chaar Kar Myon Malinyo, Walo Myaeni Poshey Madano, Chaav Myaen Dain Posh

Habba Khatoon (Kashmiri pronunciation: [habɨ xoːt̪uːn]; born Zoon Rathar (Kashmiri pronunciation: [zuːn]) ; sometimes spelt Khatun), also known by the honorary title The Nightingale of Kashmir, was a Kashmiri Muslim poet and ascetic in the 16th century. She was the consort of King Yusuf Shah Chak, but attained immortality as the queen of song.

Habba Khatoon's music pushed her poetry gradually into learned circles and those who had fled on the works of immortals like Firdausi, Omar and Hafez were bound to raise their eyebrows at first. This wobbling of Habba Khatoon under her peculiar compulsions and with her own limitations created the symphony of romantic words running side by side with mystic poetry till it over stripped and outshone it.

Early life

Habba Khatoon was born in the village of Chandur, (Kashmiri: Tsandhor) in the Pampore town of the Pulwama district in Kashmir. Her real name was Zoon Rathar or Zuni (Kashmiri: زوٗن, romanized: zūn, lit. 'Moon'). According to the oral tradition, she was called Zoon because of her immense beauty. Although a peasant, she learnt how to read and write from the village Alimah.

Some circles who have disputed this fact associate her birth with the small glen of Gurez to the north of the valley of the Jhelum. Tradition links a spot near Tsoorawan in Gurez with the poetess and it is known even now as the 'hillock of Habba Khatoon'. They take their stand on a legend that Haba Khatoon was born to a petty chieftain in Gurez who passed her on to a Kashmiri trader Hayaband in lieu of the liquidation of his debts. Hayaband married her to his son Habalal, hence the name— Habba Khatoon.

Yet, It is held that the 'hillock' of Habba Khatoon came to be associated with her because of her later contacts when she visited Gurez as the consort of Yusuf Shah Chak.

Abdi Rathar of Chandhur, her father, was a well-to-do farmer and was a man gifted with unusual courage and foresight. Notwithstanding the expected back-talk and open criticism, he made arrangements for the education of his daughter at the hands of a village maulvi. Habba Khatoon received instruction in the study of the Holy Quran and, of course, the Persian classics which, owing to the patronage at the court had become the rage of the times. No further details of this period of her life are available. Perhaps she read Gulistan and Bostan which was the usual fare of pupils in Persian in Kashmir till recently. However, her name spread well beyond the village boundaries and Abdi Rathar's Zoon was referred to as an extraordinary child in hamlets other than Chandhur.

In the course of time, her parents thought of marrying Zoon. Few girls could be better endowed for a happy married life. She came from a well-to-do family and was educated and accomplished. She was highly beautiful and could sing in a sweet, enchanting voice. She could work at home and on the farm to bring prosperity to her family. Her parents selected a peasant boy, Aziz Lone, as her husband. His tastes and interests had nothing in common with Zoon's and there is hardly any doubt that he was a dull-witted, matter-of-fact a boorish young peasant. Nature tricked her into song and glory through Aziz Lone who was stolid to her charm and apathetic to her love. Despite this Habba Khatoon was fondly devoted to him in love and fidelity and left no stone unturned in trying to evoke a suitable response from her husband. With all her beauty of form and mellifluous voice she worked like a slave at her husband's home and their lands. She would so to the stream to fetch water for the household, go to the uplands in search of firewood and wild edible roots, ply the spinning-wheel and do other chores in the tradition of the old times. But there was no appreciation for all this. Instead, her mother in-law and perhaps her husband too were always on the look out for a slip on her part-of course, innocent and unwitting to give them a handle to taunt her, abuse her and perhaps be labour her. If she broke an earthenware water-pot by accident she was asked to replace it or pay for a new one.

The situation was pretty bad for her and she realized that life in such an atmosphere was worse than death. She could not make out how her death would profit him. In her song— 'Tche Keho Vaaty Myaani Marnai' (What do you stand to gain by my death?) contemplates such an act but concludes on a note of self-introspection but neither the display of emotion in abandon not admonition brought any relief to Zoon in her predicament and Aziz continued to be indifferent to her. In such circumstances women approach saintly people credited with mystic powers for help. Zoon also must have sought the help of such men, among them one Khwaja Masud. He is said to have given her consolation and predicted a better future for her. He, it is said, also coined for her the name Habba Khatoon which Zoon adopted. But nothing brought even a streak of conjugal delight in the life of Habba Khatoon and she continued to address her laments to her husband.

One of her most famous songs Wolo Myaeni Poshay Madano (Come, my flowery Cupid) graphically representing the state of her mind at the time is surcharged with melancholy, bitterness against the wild talk of the people and vexation at the indifference of her husband. Her complaint is:

Wolo Myaeni Poshey Madano

Dil nith tcholham roshey,
Wolo Myaeni Poshey Madano!

Wolai ve'si' gachhvai aabas,
         Dunya Chhu nendri ta Khaabas,
Praraan chass bo' jawaabas,
         Wo'lo...

Translation:

Having snatched my heart you have gone far off,
Come, my Love, my flowery Cupid!

Let us go, friend, to fetch water:
The world is fast a slumber, Love,
I yearn for a response from you,
Come, O Come, my flowery Cupid.

Later life

According to legend, one day Yousuf Shah Chak, the last independent emperor of Kashmir, was out hunting on horseback. He heard Zoon singing under the shade of a chinar tree, and the couple met and fell in love. The oral tradition describes Zoon as Yousuf Shah Chak's queen consort, although there is scholarly debate about whether she was in fact a lower status mistress or member of his harem. She entered the palace in about 1570, and at some point changed her name to become Habba Khatoon (Kashmiri: حَبہٕ خوتوٗن).

Here was the young peasant woman slaving for her loaf, neglected and loathed by her husband, abhorred by his mother and a victim of people's gossip, being entreated by the heir-apparent to take her exalted place in his palace. She had sought love from Aziz Lone which he denied her: she was in need of affection from his mother which she did not give; she expected normal regard and courtesy from society which treated her with disdain. And now she was being offered all this and more. Need less to say that she accepted the offer and entered the palace in circa 1570 A.D. Habba Khatoon was of an age when Kashmir suffered much political, social and economic distress. The dynasty of the Sultans distinguished by rulers like the mighty Shahab-ud-Din and the illustrious Zain-ul-Abdin had grown feeble and power passed into the hands of feudal barons who keenly competed with one another in the bid to exercise power in the name of a puppet here or a pretender there.

Habib Shah, the last of the Sultans, was so weak and naive that in 1554 A.D. he was deprived of his crown while in full court and nobody raised even a little finger in his support. The throne was next occupied by Ali Khan, a member of the powerful Chak clan. Who are the Chaks? Whatever their origin, in course time, they seem to have settled in the Gilgit Hunza region as conquerors or refugees. Since then the region is known as Dardistan. But these Chaks entered Kashmir as refugees from Dardistan (Gilgit-Hunza region) in the reign of Sahadev (1305-34 A.D.) in the wake of their ruthless chief. Though energetic, Ali Khan Chak was intrepid and was occupied all the time in meeting revolts and confrontations. The Chaks were Shias and the brunt of their proselytising zeal fell on both the Hindus and the Sunni-Muslims. What was worse, the Sunni-Shia rivalry took an ugly turn and distressing form, leading to an extensive cleavage between the two sections of the population, and sympathies of the masses were alienated. A more serious development was the allurement felt by the hawk-eyed Mughal, Akbar, for the beautiful valley of Kashmir. Because of their mutual bickerings and quarrels, disgruntled Kashmiri leaders often sought assistance from the emperor, or his satraps, who encouraged defections and destabilisation.

Habba Khatoon reached the palace when dark clouds of apathy and disdain were rolling against Kashmiri language and art. Another princess with a less forceful character would have found her sensibility smothered and perhaps fallen in line with the average literati in upholding Persian at the cost of Kashmiri. But Haba Khatoon's devotion to her own language and culture proved stronger.

Yousuf Shah Chak had gained an invaluable treasure in Habba Khatoon, a paragon of beauty, and was deeply attached to her. He spent most of his time in her company, absorbed in her music and poetry. He brought about the fulfilment of her frozen love and became the focus of her life, her gratitude and her devotion. Towns and villages were no longer enough to satisfy the craving of the royal couple and they sought the company of nature in its naked beauty, matchless grandeur and unparalleled sublimity. The credit for the discovery of the far-famed queen of the hills, Gulmarg, is given to Yusuf Shah and his consort who spent much of their leisure in its sylvan glades. They patronised such pleasure spots as Aharabal, Achabal and Sonamarg. They sought enjoyment of hature as far away as the Gurais valley where a hillock has been named after Habba Khatoon. Some of these pleasure spots, especially Ahrabal and Achabal of the Pir Panjal region, attained celebrity in the reign of Jehangir subsequently.

The fall of Chaks

Ghazi Chak, the first Chak Sultan of Kashmir had a fiery temper which made him excessively unbearable and obnoxious to his subjects. The Emperor Akbar despatched Mirza Qara Bahadur, at the head of a large body of troops to invade the country in order to deliver its inhabitants from the yoke of the tyrant. The army of Qara Bahadur was defeated. The fact remains that this defeat demoralised the Mughals to such an extent that for another 25 years Akbar made no serious attempt to capture Kashmir. In spite of annex the valley continued unabated. Ghazi Shah's body was leprous and after his campaign in Ladakh it became worse and he abdicated in favour of his brother Hussain Khan Shah whom he found master of the situation. Hussain Shah was a poet and, it was said, a man of liberal and secular views but Akbar was watching the condition in Kashmir and his agents sent reports to him. Many selfish and disgruntled leaders, often at loggerheads with each other, sought help from the Emperor.

Akbar sent Mirza Muquim Isfani and Mir Yakub as envoys to the court of Hussain Shah. They were treated with befitting honour and both were Shias. But a distressing event happened, not unusual in Srinagar. An arrogant fellow Qazi Habib, a Sunni and the Khatib (reader of prayer) struck Yusuf Mandan, a Shia with a whip. Thereupon, the latter retaliated and wounded him with a sword. He was arrested and sentenced to death by the Qazi Mulla Yusuf and Mulla Feroz. Yusuf Mandan was thus put to death. The imperial envoys, being both of Shia faith interfered and asked Fatha Khan, the Sultan's servant-at-arms, to put the Qazi to death after parading him disgracefully through the city. Since then the Shia-Sunni differences assumed formidable proportions. Of course, Hussain Shah sent the envoys back with presents and also sent his daughter for marriage to prince Salim. But certain Kashmiri leaders had already reported the matter the Emperor and soon Mirza Muquim went back he was arrested and put to death. The presents and Hussain Shah's daughter were returned to Kashmir. This grieved the king of Kashmir and his health deteriorated. Then, in a tragic event, Hussain Shah's son dies of smallpox and Ali Shah Chak ascends to the throne.

The Mughals were consolidating their hold on the Indian sub-continent during the second half of the sixteenth century and their eyes now turned to Kashmir. Yusuf Shah Chak who ascended the throne in 1579 A.D. did not display the leadership that was the need of the hour and internal feuds took such a serious turn that he lost the throne in 1580 when he had been king for only a year and two months. With his overthrow the wheel of Habba Khatoon's fortunes changed. Yusuf made several attempts to regain the throne but could make no progress. Within six months there was another occupant on the throne and Yusuf continued to be confined to the wings. At last, he approached the emperor Akbar for armed assistance. Akbar who was watching the developments with no unconcern gave asylum to the fugitive prince and attached him to the grand army. Thereafter he practically slept over Yusuf's plea for assistance to recover his lost kingdom. It was an unexpected trial of Yusuf's diplomacy and perseverance. At home Habba Khatoon was forlorn. Yusuf had left Kashmir with high hopes of returning in a few weeks with Mughal troops and funds to fight the enemies and recover his throne. But weeks slipped by, months, and yet Habba Khatoon had no indication that of him coming back. The absence of her husband once a again raised in her mind the spectre of her beloved being snatched from her. Her intense love would not let her rest in peace while Yusuf was away. Then Akbar helped Yusuf Shah Chak who gave his escort Raja Man Singh a slip and recovered the kingdom of Kashmir after a series of manoeuvres at Sopore in 1581 A.D.

Though later in the year 1586 A.D the Mughals marched into Kashmir and finally annexed it.

She lived after Yusuf's exit from Kashmir for nearly twenty years, or such is the tradition, moving from place to place with no attachments or possessions. Probably, she composed lyrics also but the hankering in her heart has been stilled. There is sorrow in her wail, there is regret and there is bitterness, but there is also resignation.

In her wailing song for her lost husband— Harmukh Bartal she recites:

Harmukh Bartal za'gai Madano
Ye dapham te laa'gayo!

Posh dapham
Gulaab la'gai Madano

Baet'no ye dooraer tchalay Madano
Ye dapham te laa'gayo!

Mushtaq goham kaman Madano
Ye dapham te laa'gayo!
Harmukh Bartal za'gai Madano

Translation:

I will wait at the gates of Harmukh, for you my love
Whatever you ask, I will offer!

Ask for flower
I will offer rose, my love!

I can’t take this distance anymore
Whatever you ask, I will offer!

Yearning, for whom, my love
Whatever you ask, I will offer!
I will wait at the gates of Harmukh, for you my love

There is a suggestion offered recently regarding the last phase of her life is totally different. According to this version, probably apocryphal, Habba Khatoon could not stand her separation from Yousuf Shah and left the valley in search of her beloved. She is believed to have reached Basok, which is about seventy five kilometres to the south of Patna, where Yousuf Shah lived after his final exit from Kashmir. It is not known if Yusuf was alive when Habba reached Basok where he enjoyed an estate. A second grave exists by the side of the grave of Yusuf and on the basis of a local tradition it is conjectured to be of Habba Khatoon. It may be said in this behalf that a number of Kashmiris lived in Basok along with Yusuf, and among them was his son Yaqub who put up a spirited resistance against the Mughals in Kashmir but was out-manoeuvred. The graves of Yusuf and other Kashmiris in Basok are said to bear close resemblance to those in Kashmir.

Poetic tradition

Persian influence had started making in-roads upon Kashmiri long before Habba Khatoon but the specimens of her Kashmiri lyrics give hardly any instances of her accepting it with eyes shut. Words of Persian origin have been sparingly used in her lyrics. Most of those we come across, e.g., shamaa' (candle), ishq (love), burqa (veil), aab (water) were already naturalised in the language of the people long before her advent. Use of the language actually spoken by the majority of men and women does not in any way detract from her poetry. On the other hand it gains in the power communication and appeal and impresses the reader/listener as sincere and artless, sweet and musical. It has to be conceded that it creates an impact of verisimilitude on the reader who discovers in her lyrics the strength and variety of his mother tongue unaided by other influences.

Habba Khatoon consciously made use of Persian in reviving Kashmiri music which had suffered neglect for lack of patronage. Yousuf Shah being a patron of art and music, Habba Khatoon was trained by renowned practitioners in rendering ghazals and songs in the Iranian style. Gifted as she was with a remarkable intelligence and a rare, melodious voice, she became in her own right a musician of note even among Persian masters. Kashmiri music cultivated by Harshdev of the 12th century and others had come heavily under the influence of Persian and Central Asian music with a variety of exotic instruments in play. Since Habba Khatoon was an adept in both it was only natural that she made her own contribution and she did so in the form of a new musical composition known as raasti-kashmiri, on the model of raasti farsi, which is sung in the last quarter of the night. She also earned renown in displaying her mastery over one Persian raga known as muqaami-Iraq.

Bibliography

• Habba Khatoon by Muhammad Yousuf Taing, J&K Academy of Languages, Art & Culture (JAACL)
• Zoon by J.N Wali
• Habba Khatoon (1909) by Muhammad Amin Kamil
• Haba Khatoon (1968) by Shyam Lal Sadhu
• Habba Khatoon: The Nightingale of Kashmir (1994) by S.N Wakhlu
• Feminism Across Cultures: A Comparative Study of Habba Khatoon and Emily Brontë (2019) by Asma Shaw

Filmography

• Habba Khatoon (1978) is an Indian Kashmiri-language television film directed by Bashir Badgami for Doordarshan. It starred Rita Razdan in the titular role of the queen. Doordarshan also aired Habba Khatoon, another television show in Hindi on DD National about the poet.

• Mrinal Kulkarni portrayed her role in the Indian television series Noorjahan, which aired on DD National from 2000-2001.

• Zooni is an unreleased Indian Hindi-language film by Muzaffar Ali that was supposed to release in 1990 but was eventually shelved. Earlier unsuccessful attempts in Indian cinema to portray her life on screen included one by Mehboob Khan in the 1960s and in the 80s by B. R. Chopra.

Legacy

The taqleqkar (pioneer) of loal poetry has been praised by Kalhana in his book- Rajtarangini:

Worthy of homage is the indescribable insight of a poet which excels the stream of ambrosia since through it is achieved a permanent embodiment of glory by the poet and others as well.

The hillock in Gurez Valley, Kashmir is named after Habba Khatoon.

The pyramid-shaped Habba Khatoon mountain, located in Gurez, Kashmir was named after her.

An underpass in Mughalpura, Lahore has been named after Habba Khatoon. The Indian Coast Guard named the ship CGS Habba Khatoon after her.

See also

• Kashmiri literature

Further reading

• Wakhlu, S. N. (1994). Habba Khatoon: the nightingale of Kashmir. South Asia Publications. ISBN 8174330054.